Evidence based practice and the reflective practice

Proof based practice and the intelligent practice From my perspective, I accept that the two primary kinds of exploration proof that could illuminate instructive practices are the proof based practice and the intelligent practice. I despite everything have at the forefront of my thoughts the expressions of Ravitch, I am profoundly thankful that my treatment depended on clinical exploration and not training research. Else, I would not be here to tell my story (Ravitch, 1998, p.33) and her request from her experience that teachers have something to gain from doctors as she was additionally instructors. The proof put together practice was first acquainted with respect with clinical examination as proof based medication. Their fundamental source was the advancement of a specific sort of clinical exploration the randomized controlled preliminary (RCT) which was structured as an approach to survey the estimation of new medications so as to check the cases of their producers (E891 Educational Enquiry, Study Guide, p.18). Be that as it may, there is a development in the late 1990s, in a few nations and furthermore in the UK, for both instructive practice and instructive approach to turn out to be more proof based-or i f nothing else proof educated (E891 Educational Enquiry, Study Guide, p.15). From my own understanding of instructing proficient practice has consistently been educated by proof. What we instruct on the class depends on proof. Reliance on an assortment of logical information has been treated as a characterizing highlight of any calling, and has figured to a great extent in the endeavors by numerous occupations to pick up this status. Thinking back, in the start of the twentieth century it was taken to be one of the qualities that stamped callings off from different occupations (Flexner, 1915). The development for proof based practice doesn't rehash the thoughts of the meaning of a calling, it includes particular prerequisites. It suggests that training ought to be guided considerably more straightforwardly by research proof than already. Moreover, training as a calling, or an assortment of callings, has consistently been a mind boggling and challenged one. It is notable that, in many nations, teachers have never increased any independence and force accomplished by different callings, for example, legal counselors and specialists. Furthermore, the fundamental collection of information on which their training should be based was all the time subject information. In this manner, in ongoing decades, in the UK and some different social orders, a feeble handle of subject information with respect to grade teachers, particularly in the zones of science and arithmetic, has been considered answerable for what has been distinguished as helpless degrees of instructive execution (Traia nou, 2007, p.11). As opposed to this, research information has been molding the instructive practice a long time before the proof based practice started. Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky, the two well known instructive scientists have worked a couple of decades back and their thoughts have been produced various proposals for instructive practice. It is clear since Piagets name regularly has been conjured by supporters of disclosure learning and dynamic instruction two methodologies that firmly underline the self-governance of the student. Besides, his work likewise features the significant job that subjective structures play in childrens learning, and, all the more by and large, that what students realize will rely upon where they are beginning from (E891 Educational Enquiry, Study Guide, p.18). Now, it is additionally essential to make reference to that Vygotsky drew on Piagets work, and the two of them accepted that students ought to effectively build their comprehension of the world. The two of them denied that learning is an aloof reaction to outer improvements yet it has suggestions well past the setting of childrens learning. To be sure, it conveys a significant message pretty much all types of training. What's more, Hargreaves actually makes reference to Teaching isn't at present exploration based calling and he proceeds with I have almost certainly that in the event that it were, instructing would be progressively compelling and all the more fulfilling (Hargreaves, in Hammersley, 2009, p.3). The clinical calling has increased a great deal of notoriety recently because of the development of its examination which mostly depends on proof based practice. Conversely, the encouraging calling didn't make such a stride. Rarely, educators would look on other expert fields to analyze and gain from their structure (Hargreaves, in Hammersley, 2009, p.4). As an instructor, I positively comprehend that despite the fact that we intensely depend on what we gain from our own encounters which are private preliminaries which may be correct or wrong. Interestingly, in the proof based medication process they convert the data needs into liable inquiries, track down with the greatest proficiency the best proof with which to reply, fundamentally assess that proof for its legitimacy and value, apply the outcomes and assess execution (Hargreaves, in Hammersley, 2009, p.13). Intelligent practice can be followed path back before the twentieth century, while quite a bit of what is engaged with the thought, for instance the possibility of phronesis sketched out by Aristotle. In any case, the announcement by Schã ¶n that as of late there has been a developing discernment that specialists, who should take care of the expert schools with helpful information, have less and less to state that professionals discover useful(Schà ¶n, 1987, p. 10) does truly upset a ton since the intelligent practice was happened a some time before and has not quite recently evolved. Moreover, Schã ¶n expressed that it is altered by appearance in real life (the capacity to consider what one is doing while at the same time doing it) and reflection-on-activity (the ability to think about after the occasion what has occurred and on its suggestions for ones practice) (E891 Educational Enquiry, Study Guide, p.41). Building up these capacities, these types of reflection that proficient ability and insight can be developed over the span of understanding, and these limits are significant in light of the fact that certifiable issues don't normally introduce themselves in manners that would coordinate the specialized information delivered by research. The thought of intelligent practice has been under various names in the mid 1970s, went to the front during the 1980s through crafted by Schã ¶n, Valli and Elliott. This idea places as much accentuation on instructors own assessment of their practices as on the arranging and the board abilities into which such assessment takes care of( Moore, in Hammersley, 2009, p.122). One of the ongoing suggested strategies in the intelligent specialist talk is the creating of educators own journal or diary that can deliberately reflect. With this technique, instructors can develop themselves and build up their own legitimate educating strategy. Obviously, the presentation of new thoughts was acknowledged by less experienced instructors instead of progressively experienced ones. As Mitchell and Weber (1996) expressed experience educators recommend that they are only prone to cause concern, turmoil and misinformed conduct through their over-personalization of showing movement (Mitchell and Weber, 1996, p.34). So far, I have portrayed the two principle kinds of exploration proof that could advise instructive practice. Moreover, I will make reference to contrasts and huge similitudes. Hargreaves and other people who have concerned how exploration serves proof based practice are not just advancing a specific perspective on the connection among examination and practice. Plainly they think instructive exploration needs to change in character, albeit neither Ravitch nor Hargreaves demands that it must appear as randomized controlled preliminaries (E891 Educational Enquiry, Study Guide, p.26). In any case, from the perspective of upholding proof based practice, the acts of experts depend on information that must be dispensed with for methodology controlled by sound, experimentally approved exploration proof. Interestingly, Schã ¶ns point of view, those conventional practices are viewed as skilful and principled techniques that can't be bettered by the replacement of exploration based information; rather, they must be improved by further appearance in and on proficient practice (E891 Educational Enquiry, Study Guide, p.41). Also, Moore recommends that, the intelligent specialist talk was not persuasive in legitimate circles during his occasions. He demands that there are associations between each model and specific ways to deal with instructive examination. It might be said, the abilities talk has a partiality with quantitative strategy, and the intelligent specialist model with subjective technique (Moore, in Hammersley, 2009, p.127). As I would see it, I accept that there could be another comparability because of the way that both are viewed as unrepresentative. It cannot be assumed that all subjects participating in RCT preliminaries are illustrative of the individuals who will in the end be taking the medication or treatment and the information that an instructor by and by assembles from his/her own study hall conditions can't be dared to apply to all conditions. Them two have similar objectives which are to enhance the corpus of knowledgeand to illuminate instructive practice. Additionally, the two of them depend on philosophical grounds positivist one and interpretivist (E891 Educational Enquiry, Study Guide, p.79). On the other, it can't be assumed that all subjects partaking in RCT preliminaries are illustrative of the individuals who will in the end be taking the medication or treatment and the information that an instructor by and by accumulates from his/her own study hall conditions can't be attempted to apply to all conditions. All things considered, I can't help suspecting that they share a great deal of focuses in like manner, for example, theirposition with hypothesis, which they dont question as both will in general gander at showing procedures as opposed to the feeling of instructing and what is educated. To summarize, I would not differ that RCTs give quantifiable results, and the intelligent talk accentuates the specialists experience, this doesnt imply that it overlooks the abilities and procedures required however tha

3 Cases of Insufficient Punctuation

3 Cases of Insufficient Punctuation 3 Cases of Insufficient Punctuation 3 Cases of Insufficient Punctuation By Mark Nichol Every one of the accompanying sentences is undermined by the absence of a couple of accentuation marks, bringing about a potential for disarray among perusers. Conversation following every model clarifies the imperfection, and an amendment exhibits more clear sentence sythesis. 1. Move over twenty to thirty year olds this gathering is assuming control over the rental market. The basic â€Å"move over,† followed by a word distinguishing who is to act as per the basic to move to one side, peruses as though a vague crowd is being advised to change their area at a situation over a specific segment gathering. At the point when a sentence starts with an order and a modifier, separate the two sentence components with a comma: â€Å"Move over, twenty to thirty year olds this gathering is assuming control over the rental market.† 2. This paper presents an approach dependent on industry-acknowledged structures that subtleties all the means firms need to take to direct a far reaching and agreeable hazard evaluation. Here, the absence of understanding among systems and subtleties flags that the action word doesn't have any significant bearing to the thing, yet their closeness despite everything acquaints a sign with clamor hindrance, which would be intensified if the thing and action word agreed. To explain that subtleties relates to strategy, not structures, section the altering expression â€Å"based on industry-acknowledged frameworks† with commas: â€Å"This paper presents a procedure, in view of industry-acknowledged systems, that subtleties all the means firms need to take to lead a complete and agreeable hazard assessment.† 3. Appropriation and courses to market can benefit from outside intervention by actualizing a computerized advanced entry in spite of the fact that this is more perplexing since it can affect commission. This energetically dashing sentence profits by two or three embedded commas to flag settled subordinate provisos the expression starting with since is subordinate to the one start with in spite of the fact that, which thus is subordinate to the principle statement: â€Å"Distribution and courses to market can benefit from outside assistance by actualizing a computerized advanced entrance, despite the fact that this is more mind boggling, since it can affect commission.† Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Punctuation class, check our famous posts, or pick a related post below:Types of RhymeOne Sheep, Two Sheep, One Fish, Two Fish . . .Woof or Weft?

Elizabeth Cady Stanton: Challenging Religion through the Women’s Right

Elizabeth Cady Stanton: Challenging Religion through the Women’s Right Movement Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a ground-breaking essayist who accepted on the cancelation of subjection and that women’s voice ought to be heard. Stanton, alongside different individuals from the lady testimonial development perceived how the Christian Church bolstered men’s severe conduct toward ladies. She understood that women’s position in the Church turned out to be weakened to such an extent that astonishing demonstrations against ladies got supported and acknowledged by the general population. â€Å"The just focuses in which I vary from all clerical instructing is that I don't accept that any man at any point saw or chatted with God, I don't accept that God propelled the Mosaic code, or mentioned to the history specialists what they state he did about lady, for all the religions on the essence of the earth corrupt her, thus long as lady acknowledges the position that they dole out her, her liberation is impossible.† Elizabeth Cady Stanton composed these lines in the Woman’s Bible as a reminder for ladies who were tolerating and underestimating their own an incentive according to God. Besides, Stanton knew that she was battling against a foundation that has removed women’s rights from its hallowed books and helpfully has made a male centric country that was the setting for a propagate maltreatment against women’s rights. The expressions of Thomas Aquinas, the thirteenth century Christian scholar, sums up what the Church and society itself followed and still thought during the nineteenth century: â€Å" lady was made to be man’s help meet, however her one of a kind job is in conception†¦since for different purposes men would be better helped by other men.† Cady Stanton modifies the Bible in 1881, taking into account that this activity was required, since no ladies participa... ... not adequate as indicated by the Christian Holy book. In this manner, answers for women’s issues in regards to men’s abusive acts can be heard and God’s word would not be consider liable for misogynist practices that keep ladies into the haziness of quiet. References Blaney, Mary. Job of Women in the Catholic Church. 14 April 2004. http://www.votf.org/papers/A WomansPlace.html Trinity Stores: Icons and Art, Religious Gifts, Catholic and Christian Products. 14 April 2004. http://www.trinitystores.com/main.php4?detail=39&artist=1 Ladies and the World. 14 April 2004. http://www2.dsu.nodak.edu/clients/demeier/ladies/women.html Schools of nineteenth Century Christian Feminism. 14 April 2004. http://www.erasofelegance.com/gender2.html Stanton, Cady Elizabeth. The Woman’s Bible. The Complete Text in Two Volumes 14 April 2004 http://www.undelete.org/library/library0041.html

Frederick Douglass free essay sample

Douglass starts his discourse by tending to Mr.. President, Friends and Fellow Citizens. Here, he is likely tending to the leader of the Anti-Slavery Society not the leader of the United States. It is vital that Douglass sees himself as a resident, an equivalent to the onlookers in participation. All through this discourse, just as his life, Douglass supported equivalent equity and rights, just as citizenship, for blacks. He starts his discourse by humbly saying 'sorry' for being anxious before the group and perceives that he has made considerable progress since his break from slavery.He tells the crowd that they have assembled to praise the Fourth of July, yet he advises them that the country is youthful, and, similar to a little youngster, it is as yet receptive and equipped for positive change. He addresses the historical backdrop of the American Revolutionaries battle for opportunity against their lawful servitude under British guideline. He was an abolitionist, a speaker, and supervisor of the North Star (later renamed Frederick Douglass Paper).

Bob Mcdonald P Free Essays

Presentation Procter and Gamble is an organization that has indicated noteworthy accomplishment since its creation in the year 1837. Procter and Gamble has advanced toward a fruitful vocation and is currently an all around perceived business to business firm that circulates a few items around the globe. Weave McDonald is the present President and CEO of the firm. We will compose a custom exposition test on Sway Mcdonald P or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now He has held this troublesome activity since 2009 and has additionally added to ongoing accomplishment of the firm. The motivation behind why this position is so troublesome is because of the extremely differing and muddled action of the firm. All things considered Bob McDonald has done a ton for the firm and has kept the firm ready for action and at its best. A previous U. S Army commander, Bob McDonald has worked for Procter and Gamble for a long time before he became CEO. Since he went after a position in PG in 1980, he worked himself to the top during that time in the firm. After entering the firm, Bob never thought of turning into a CEO. He simply required a steady activity and a perpetual home in Cincinnati. Bounce clarifies his off-base desires in the accompanying statement â€Å"I was leaving the military assistance, and I truly joined PG so as to consume my whole time on earth and raise my family in a city like Cincinnati and never need to move. So in 1989, when the organization came to me and stated, â€Å"We’d like you to move to Toronto, Canada,† I stated, â€Å"Did I accomplish something incorrectly? † (Bernard-Kuhn, 2012) Due to the way that the previous CEO of the firm foreseen that the organization would have been increasingly effective in global markets, he sent Bob and other organization representatives to work in various pieces of the reality where PG offices existed. At the point when Bob accomplished his new situation as CEO he communicated his sentiments by saying â€Å"I would depict those first weeks as loaded up with nervousness and quietude. This is an organization that is, in my brain, the best organization throughout the entire existence of the world. There are less than 40 nations that have been around as long as PG. † Bob felt strange and felt troubled to has such immense duty on his neck. (Bernard-Kuhn, 2012) Bob McDonald and PG As I said before Bob, when Bob became CEO he had no plans. He feared the duty given to him. This was what pushed him to actualize some extraordinary procedures. These methodologies demonstrated fruitful and expanded the firm’s by and large nature of execution. The initial step Bob McDonald took as CEO of Procter and Gamble is reaffirming the firm’s reason which is â€Å"to contact and improve the lives of the world’s customers through marked results of predominant quality and value†. (McDonald, 2012) He was resolved to expand the organizations development through acquainting predominant items with fulfill shopper needs and needs in a feasible and productive way. He was not actually sure how he was to that and is the reason he answered to friends’ congrats by saying, â€Å"Please don’t salute me. It’s excessively untimely. Hold up until I resign, and let’s think back and see whether the organization is more grounded than it was the point at which I dominated. † (Bernard-Kuhn, 2012) Bob was scared by the level of obligation that he was troubled by and didn't know how he was to prevail with regards to improving the firm. Weave presented another procedure which was actualizing right away. His methodology was to concentrate on its â€Å"40 biggest organizations, its 20 best advancements, and the 10 most gainful creating markets†. (McDonald, 2012) This technique is essentially founded on great customer relationship working through the growth of brand mindfulness and brand viability. Because of its different items Procter and Gamble has regularly ended up summing up as far as focusing on. It was not doing a generally excellent activity of contacting the correct buyers with the correct brands. By concentrating on specific brands, be that as it may, and appropriately focusing on the correct portions for these brands Bob had the option to make a superior open picture for the firm. Fundamentally the means that were taken here are transforming brands into inventive ones and demonstrating the correct brand and item for the correct shopper. This technique has prompted 4% development for Procter and Gamble every year four consistently it since it was actualized in 2009. This development has been accomplished despite the fact that there was no market development and there were numerous issues rising, for example, the money related emergency and diminishes in the pieces of the pie. So that was entirely amazing. The company’s expressed the consequences of its development since the execution of the system b expressing â€Å"in the last financial year, P;G returned $10 billion of money to investors through $6 billion of profits and $4 billion of offer repurchase. P;G delivered a profit for the 122nd continuous year †one of just nine organizations to have done this. The Company expanded the profit by 7%. This was the 56th successive year the profit expanded †one of just six organizations to have done this†. (â€Å"Procter and gamble,† 2012) Bob McDonald Leadership When talking about how Bob drives his organization we see that he follows a worth based authority. He has talked about this sort of authority a few times. He frequently says that â€Å"living an actual existence driven by intention is more important and compensating than wandering through existence without direction†. (Knight, 2011) He accepts that a fruitful business requires great arranging since individuals need to work with pioneers who are unsurprising and who plan out everything in their lives. Weave said to a gathering of understudies in a discourse that â€Å"people like to work for pioneers that are unsurprising, they like to work for pioneers that have a reason in their own lives and a qualities framework they can follow. † (Henretty, 2008) Bob even urges his workers to look for a reason in life rather that lone spotlight on a vocation in Procter and Gamble. He says that this makes for more advancement and more ability to put forth attempts. He tells his representatives â€Å"don’t make your objective in life a situation at Procter and Gamble. You need something somewhat greater than that†. Henretty, 2008) Bob characterizes a decent pioneer as somebody who assembles groups that put certain incentive in their work. These groups ought to figure out how to cooperate and through time become like a family. He further characterizes great authority by saying that â€Å"â€Å"the genuine trial of initiative isn’t what happens when you’re the re, it’s what happens when you leave. † (Henretty, 2008) Basically his thought is about group building and keeping the group together. The sort of administration Bob utilizes was supported by representatives. This is on the grounds that Bob urged representatives to look for an incentive in their live and to be imaginative. This resilience of opportunity prompted willing representatives. Representatives began functioning as though the organization was theirs. Obviously there is a constantly a negative side to everything. Wasteful workers were regularly sacked. Actually Bob disposed of numerous representatives to leave space for new imaginative ones. Despite the fact that this was not increased in value by some it must be done so as to continue growing as a group. Sways discourses were inventive and pushed representatives to give a valiant effort. End To finish up, Procter and Gamble has developed immensely since Bob McDonald ecame CEO. Weave utilized numerous procedures to uphold deals. The mystery of his prosperity were not just because of brand and item arranged methodologies, but on the other hand was a consequence of good initiative and great group the board. His administration abilities assumed a significant job in molding the representatives of the organization. Despite the fact that Bob had to se ttle on unforgiving choices and fire individuals he additionally enlisted a lot of capable and experienced representatives. Bernard-Kuhn, L. (2012). Procter ; bet chief: Company is individuals controlled. The Cincinnati Enquirer, Retrieved from http://www. usatoday. om/story/cash/business/2012/11/19/procter-bet chief mcdonald/1715573/Henretty, A. (2008, July 10). Man with an arrangement: P;g coo sway mcdonald on ‘values-based leadership’. Recovered from http://www. kellogg. northwestern. edu/News_Articles/2008/bobmcdonaldpg. aspx Knight, B. (2011, September 7). P;g chief sway mcdonald on values-based initiative. Recovered from http://www. owenbloggers. com/2011/09/07/pg-president sway mcdonald-on-esteem based-initiative/McDonald, B. (2012). Procter and bet. Recovered from http://www. pg. com/en Procter and bet. (2012). Recovered from http://www. pg. com/en Step by step instructions to refer to Bob Mcdonald P, Essay models

Find a Support Group Meeting Near You

Find a Support Group Meeting Near You Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Print How Can I Find a Support Group Meeting Near Me? By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on May 11, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 13, 2020 Daly and Newton / Getty Images More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Participating in a support group, along with other medical and professional alcohol and drug treatment programs, can have many potential benefits. A support group may help you recover by offering social support, helping you develop recovery coping skills, enhancing your motivation, reducing depressive symptoms, and increasing your psychological well-being. Who Should Join a Support Group? If you or a family member is dealing with an addiction or mental health disorder, a support group may be the ideal place to feel less isolated and to learn from others with similar problems and shared experiences. Often, youre not required to talk in a support groupâ€"you can share as little or as much as youd likeâ€"so youll be able to observe the group before deciding if its the right one for you. Its important for you to be comfortable with the group so you can eventually open up and get to know your peers. What Does It Take to Join a Support Group? For most support groups, all that is required to join is a desire to begin recovery. Most people join a support group by simply walking in the door of a meeting near them. No invitation is required and there are no dues or fees. For members, there is often a voluntary collection. That said, there are open meetings for members and non-members as well as  closed meetings for members and prospective members only. Depending on the type of meeting, you might come across some of the following codes that indicate a more exclusive support group or additional services offered: (ASL) American Sign Language(BS) Book study(CF) Child-friendly(D) Discussion(G) Gay/lesbian(M) Men only(P) Participation(SS) Step study(W) Women only(WA) Wheelchair access How to Find a Support Group Meeting Your primary care physician or mental health professional is often the best place to start when finding a local support group. You can also search for a local meeting via the websites of the various support groups. Some organizations also have apps you can use to find meetings. You can still find a meeting the old-school way by looking up a phone number in the white pages of the local telephone book.   Some databases are detailed and allow you to see which meetings are for newcomers or are  wheelchair accessible, non-smoking, or LGBT-friendly, among other characteristics. Other pages are less detailed and may only have phone numbers or listings for you to contact the meeting organizers. Here is a list of official mutual support group websites and their meeting listings.  If you cannot locate a face-to-face (in-person) meeting near you, there are many  online  meetings  available. Alcohol, Drug, Prescription Medication Abuse These include 12-step groups and those with other philosophies, as noted: Alcoholics Anonymous:  Search for the telephone numbers of AA Central Offices and Intergroups by zip code or state. The site does not give you locations of local meetings, but the Intergroup local sites have that information. You can find meetings around the world, which can be very useful when traveling.Chemical Dependent Anonymous:  Find a CD meeting by searching by state. They are a 12-step program supporting abstinence from all mood-changing and mind-altering chemicals, including street-type drugs, alcohol and unnecessary medication.Cocaine Anonymous: 12-step program for cocaine, alcohol, and other mind-altering substances.Crystal Meth Anonymous:  Search for CMA meetings by  zip  code and distance. They are a 12-step program.Dual Recovery Anonymous:  12-step program for those who have a psychiatric disorder and a substance abuse problem.Life Ring Secular Recovery:  Search for a Life Ring meeting for drug or alcohol recovery by location or join an online meeting. The Life Ring phi losophy differs from the 12-step programs in that it does not require you to rely on a higher power but believes in supporting your ability to strengthen your sober self and weaken your addict self.Marijuana Anonymous:  Search a list of in-person and online meetings by location. They have apps for iOS, Android, and Windows that can be used to search for meetings. It is a 12-step program.Moderation Management:  See a list and map of meetings around the world or join in telephone meetings. Moderation Management supports responsible drinking rather than a philosophy of total abstinence.Narcotics Anonymous:  Search the  meeting database by location. You can also download an  NA Meeting Search app for iOS or Android.Pills Anonymous:  Meetings list for PA around the world. They are a 12-step program.SMART Recovery:  Search the SMART recovery meeting database by country or state. SMART is not a 12-step program, but a self-help addiction recovery program for  substance abuse and alcohol abu se. Common Misconceptions at the First 12-Step Meeting Sex Addiction, Disordered Relationships, and Abuse Love Addicts Anonymous:  12-step program for those who have distorted thoughts, feelings, and behavior when it comes to love, fantasies, and relationships.Sexaholics Anonymous: 12-step program for those who want to stop lusting and become sexually sober.Sex Love Addicts Anonymous:  Find a meeting by searching by state or province. They are a 12-step program for those with an addictive compulsion to engage in or avoid sex, love, or emotional attachment.Sexual Compulsives Anonymous: A list of International SCA meetings in-person and online. They are a 12-step program.Sexual Recovery Anonymous:  12-step group for those who  desire  to stop compulsive sexual behavior.Survivors of Incest Anonymous: 12-step program for those who are over age 18 who were sexually abused as a child. Food and Nicotine Problem Behavior Food Addicts in Recovery Anonymous:  12-step program for those who have had an eating problem, including overeating or bulimia.GreySheeters Anonymous:  12-step program for compulsive overeating.Overeaters Anonymous: 12-step program for overeating, undereating, anorexia, bulimia, and other problem eating behaviors. Emotional and Mental Health Recovery Depressed Anonymous: 12-step program for those recovering from depression.  Social Anxiety Anonymous/Social Phobics Anonymous: 12-step program for those with social anxiety disorder, shyness,  avoidant personality disorder, and  paruresis  (fear of using public restrooms). Financial and Acquisition Problem Behavior Debtors Anonymous:  12-step program for compulsive debtors.Gamblers Anonymous: A  group to support recovery from problem gambling and are guided by 12-step principles.Spenders Anonymous:  12-step program for those who want to recover from compulsive spending and taking on debt.Workaholics Anonymous:  WA meetings include  phone meetings, online meetings, or in-person meetings in the United States or Internationally. They are a 12-step program for those who are compulsive about work. For Families and Codependents These meetings are for those who have relatives and friends with addictions and problem behaviors. In addition to these groups, there are often links to family recovery groups for specific addictions or behaviors on the sites for the programs dedicated to them. Adult Children of Alcoholics:  Find an ACA meeting by location search. They also have online meetings and phone meetings.Alanon and Alateen:  Search for an Al-Anon Family Group meeting by location in the United States and Canada. You can also use their site to find  online  meetings, international meetings, or phone meetings.Codependents  Anonymous:  12-step program for recovery from unhealthy relationships.Families Anonymous:  Get a PDF file of FA meetings by state. This is a 12-step program for those who have a family member with an addiction or problem behavior.Nar-Anon: 12-step group for friends and families of people with substance use disorders.Recovering Couples Anonymous:  12-step group for couples who want to restore and maintain their relationship in recovery. Why Caregivers Need Support Groups A Word From Verywell Remember that support groups are what you make of them. If you are willing to be open and honest and a good listener who supports fellow members, you will get a lot out of your group, including hope and motivation for a healthier you.

4 Questions Not to Ask on College Tours (And What to Say Instead)

Learn What to Ask (and Avoid) On College Tours College tours are an exciting opportunity for students to get a feel for life on campus, narrow down their list of best-fit schools, and explore a variety of academic options. Asking questions can help students gain more specific information about each institution and walk away with a nuanced understanding of the school. While students shouldn’t be afraid to speak up during campus tours, it’s important to focus on asking the right kinds of questions to maximize your knowledge and present yourself in the best light possible. Keep reading for some queries students should avoid and what you should ask instead. Don’t: What’s the party scene like here?Do: What is the residential living experience like for freshmen? How can students get involved on campus?Everyone comes to college with a desire to make friends and build lifelong bonds. Instead of asking about college parties, focus on learning about opportunities to meet peers through shared interests and passions. Your tour guide should be able to pinpoint a variety of on campus clubs, special interest housing options, and intramural teams, all of which can help students connect with peers with similar interests. Remember that college tours are an opportunity to make a positive first impression at a specific college and avoid any questions that may make it seem like you are not taking this process seriously. Don’t: How much financial aid am I likely to receive from this college?Do: Who can I get in touch with to learn more about financial aid packages? Finding a school that is a financial fit is an important part of the college search process, but it is unlikely that your tour guide will be able to give you specific information based on your own needs and circumstances. Additionally, campus tours are a group experience, so it is best to stick to broader questions that can benefit multiple students, as oppose to focusing on personal scenarios. Instead of grilling your tour guide on the college’s financial aid offerings, see if he or she can direct you to the financial aid office so you can discuss your concerns one-on-one. Don’t: Are there any classes that are really unpopular? What courses did you hate?Do: Describe the most meaningful class you took on campus.It’s important to ask questions about a university’s academic offerings, but avoid framing it in a negative light. Colleges are looking for students who are eager to learn, so strive to formulate questions that emphasize your curiosity and intellect. Even if your tour guide’s favorite class doesn’t relate to your interests, it’s a great opportunity to gauge relationships between students and professors and scope out new learning experiences. Don’t: How much can I expect to make after graduation?Do: What kind of internship and career resources are available to students?Again, it’s better to frame questions more broadly and avoid focusing in on specific numbers. Starting salaries can vary greatly; instead of fixating on a number, try to survey all of the options and opportunities available on campus. A tour guide should be able to discuss the institution’s career center, alumni network, and some of the internship positions students can apply for. While college is certainly an investment, it’s also an opportunity to broaden your horizons and pursue interests and passions. Ask questions that highlight this, as opposed to queries that focus so directly on calculating a return on investment. By asking the right questions, students can walk away from each college tour with an in-depth understanding of the opportunities available at each school. If you are currently planning for college tours, our team of expert admissions counselors can help prepare you for every step of the process.

Fast Food in the United States - 578 Words

According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2009-2010 78 million adults in the US were obese. Regarding the youth, 12.5 million boys and girls between the age of 2 and 19 were overweight. The reasons for such alarming statistics may depend of genetic, disease but most commonly, the environment. Compared to other countries, the US is likely to have the highest number of fast food restaurants per square mile. This industry includes about 550,000 restaurants which is approximately the 10% of the ones distributed around the world. Major companies include Mc Donald’s in the first place followed by KFC, Pizza Hut and other 50 chains of fast food and beverage service. Why is fast food so popular in the US? Besides of being accessible and inexpensive, other reasons such as marketing, bio-chemical dependence and the lack of knowledge of how is this food processed may be involved. According to the Prevention Institute, a non-profit organization from Oakland, California, Food and beverage industry spends $1.6 billion a year in marketing to get the attention of the public, especially children who are considered the target market. Advertising campaigns are so effective that nineteen six percent of American kids under 5 years can recognize McDonald’s log; this is the only figure ranked as more recognizable than Santa Claus’. In a normal day, the average American kid watches at least ten food-related ads, transmitted by television, videogames, internet or billboardShow MoreRelatedFast Food And The United States1279 Words   |  6 PagesDaniel Hernandez Professor Fay Lee English 1302 (TTh 10:10-11:35) 30 October 2014 Fast Food and Obesity in the United States Fast food restaurants have revolutionized the United States. It has helped people with low salaries be able to afford food for their family, but at the cost of their own health. Ever since the first fast food restaurant opened, health rates have dropped and keep continuing to drop. The visual argument I have chosen takes place in Africa in an environment that is a nice sunnyRead MoreThe Effects Of Eating Fast Food On The United States1600 Words   |  7 PagesManh Pham Instructor H. Jackson Health 100 Nov 4, 2015 Diabetes In Vietnam, there are only a few fast food restaurants such as KFC and recently McDonald. To be honest, I didn’t eat fast food before until I came to The United States. I Overwhelmed by so many of them because fast food restaurants are located everywhere. Eating fast food is one the many reasons why American people have highest obesity rate in the world. Besides that, lack of health lifestyle, physical inactivity will lead to many deadlyRead MoreFast Food Is A Major Issue For The United States1807 Words   |  8 PagesFast food restaurants have emerged to be a major issue for people in the United States, they have been around since the late 18th century and the fast food industry have only increased parallel to obesity rates in America. Fast food restaurants contribute to the drastic rise in obesity rate in the past 3 decades. â€Å"More than 9 million US children and adolescents are obese, and just as many are at risk of becoming obese(Davis 505). At first fast food impact ed people in a positive way, for exampleRead MoreFactory And Fast Food Industry : A Comparison Of Germany And The United States2335 Words   |  10 PagesWork Ethic in the Restaurant/Fast Food Industry: A comparison of Germany and the United States Germany and the United States approach work in different ways. What causes differing work ethics? In order to understand why, we first need to look at several factors that differentiate Germany and the United States. This paper will examine the differing economies, political structures, cultural differences, and finally, motivational factors of employees in both countries to explain the differences in workRead MoreFast Food And The Kingdom Of The Fast Foods Industry1532 Words   |  7 Pagesof the fast food industry. Since White Castle, which was known as the first fast food chain in the United States, was established by Walter Anderson and Edgar Waldo â€Å"Billy† Ingram in 1921 (Kieler), other fast food chains also emerged such as McDonalds, Taco bell, Burger King, or Wendy’s after 1941 (Wilson). Among those various fast food chains, especially, McDonalds became the biggest fast food chain not only in the overall America but also all around the world (Wilson). Nowada ys, fast food is servingRead MoreEssay An Analysis of Eric Schlossers Fast Food Nation1154 Words   |  5 PagesNew York Times bestseller Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal is one of the most riveting books to come out about fast food restaurants to date (Schlosser, 2004). Fast food consumption has become a way of life for many in the United States as well as many other countries in the world. The author Eric Schlosser an investigative reporter whose impeccable researching and bold interviewing captures the true essence of the immense impact that fast food restaurants are having in AmericaRead MoreThe Precarious Relationship between the United States and Saudi Arabia1481 Words   |  6 PagesIn the 1940s the United States brought on wave of globalization that ravaged Western Europe. Fast forward to 1979, and the United States is taking advantage of the fear drummed up by the Iranian Revolution in order to secure its influence in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia since then has seen a rise in chronic illness that can be directly tied back to the presence of the United States in this area. After 1979 there was a significant spike in diabetes in Saudi Arabia; it can be argued that increasedRead MoreAre We A Fast Food Nation?1332 Words   |  6 PagesNovember 24, 2014 Are We a Fast Food Nation? Over the past few decades the way Americans eat breakfast, lunch, and diner have change. In the past we used to track our food that involved a lot of physical activity, but now Americans regular routine is to get in the car, drive to drive thru, receive food in a instance, and it has become a habit. Since the recession the fast food industry has recover and it’s doing better than ever. The burgers being the most popular fast food sold in America. AmericaRead MoreThe Rise Of Caloric Intake1458 Words   |  6 Pagesin the United States. The more one possesses, be it land, money or material objects, the higher in social standing an individual or family seems to fall. While excess at first may not sound too bad, Americans have brought this motto into their diets. The steady growth of caloric intake in the American diet linked with recent technological advancements and subsequent decline in physical activity has led to the largest epidemic since polio. Obesity is visible throu ghout the United States. In 2000Read MoreHow Fast Food Affect A French Health907 Words   |  4 Pages How Fast Food Affect a French Health Over time eating has become easier than ever. United States created fast food which the main purpose was to benefit people from eating on the go and today this eating efficiently has spread all over the world. Not only U.S. joined the new eating concept, but many other countries including France. Fast food has spread all over France, and it is the second country with the largest fast food consumer. It is very surprising to see an European country as the second

Plate Tectonics ( 20 Points ) - 1678 Words

Question 1: Plate Tectonics (20 points) Plate tectonics is a theory where earth’s crust in the lithosphere is made up of plates that float on a hot layer of molten magma in the asthenosphere, and moves constantly and under different circumstances causes mountains, volcanoes, and earthquakes to appear. With the evidence of plate tectonics and fossils, it is believed that about 225 million years ago, all the major continents had formed one giant continent known as Pangaea. However, due to possible heat build up underneath the giant continent, Pangaea broke up thus splitting up populations of plants and animals. With the rift, ocean waters filled the areas that once were the giant continent, therefore separating these continents. To this day, landmasses continue to move apart, riding upon their respective plates. The movement of earth’s twelve major tectonic plates helped determine the position and shape of the continents for millions of years. Where the plates meet, and its motions determine the type of boundary. There are four types of boundaries where activity of plate tectonics can be found: divergent, convergent, collisional, and transform boundaries. A divergent boundary in plate tectonics is also known as a constructive boundary. It exists when two tectonic plates are moving away from each other and create rift valleys. This usually occurs between oceanic plates. The sea floor spreading is an example of divergent boundaries. An underwater chain of mountainsShow MoreRelatedThe Plate Tectonics Of New Zealand1581 Words   |  7 PagesStudy of the plate tectonics of New Zealand has been undertaken since the early 1800s, however the most notable discovery regarding the plate tectonic setting was made in the 1940s by Harold Wellman, who discovered the Alpine Fault. Since then, our knowledge of the plate tectonic setting of New Zealand has been vastly expanded, leading to our present day understanding of the topic. A large part of our present day knowledge of the plate tectonic setting has been gained through the study of activeRead MorePlate Tectonics and Crust Oceanic Lithosphere1542 Words   |  7 Pagescrust is 20 to 70 kilom eters thick and composed mainly of lighter granite. The density of continental crust is about 2.7 grams per cubic centimeter. It is thinnest in areas like the Rift Valleys of East Africa and in an area known as the Basin and Range Province in the western United States (centered in Nevada this area is about 1500 kilometers wide and runs about 4000 kilometers North/South). Continental crust is thickest beneath mountain ranges and extends into the mantle. Plate Tectonics * TheRead MoreThe Big Pine, Garlock, And San Andreas Fault929 Words   |  4 Pagesrequires such knowledge to effectively determine conditions at any given point in time. Tectonic Stress and the San Andreas Fault According to Townend and Zoback (2004) the San Andreas Fault (SAF) region has been noted for its possession of stress orientations in addition to the lack of a distinct heat flow anomaly at the trace of the fault. These findings indicate that there are average shear tractions that are less than 20-25 MPa in the seismogenic upper crust. Oftentimes, shear tractions measureRead MoreLab Lesson 2 Essay942 Words   |  4 PagesPart 1 of 1 - 100.0/ 100.0 Points Question 1 of 22 4.0/ 4.0 Points Who proposed that all of the present continents were once joined together in a single supercontinent called Pangaea? A.Alfred Wegener B.Charles Darwin C.Arthur Holmes D. Harry Hess Answer Key: A Question 2 of 22 4.0/ 4.0 Points The scientific community rejected the theory of plate tectonics because Alfred Wegener could NOT A.identify a mechanism to move the continents. B.disprove competing theoriesRead MoreU.s. Geological Survey Registered The Tohoku Earthquake1546 Words   |  7 Pagesearthquake is one that occurs in a subduction zone, an area where one of the earth’s tectonic plates sinks under another (Fig. 2). Although it takes hundreds of years for a megathrust earthquake to start, they are particularly devastating because they deform the ocean floor, resulting in a tsunami.4,5 A tsunami is a huge wave of water caused by vertical movements on the sea floor (Fig. 2).6 The movement of tectonic plates leads to an enormous displacement of water, creating a series of waves.6 As theseRead MoreEssay on EarthQuakes2694 Words   |  11 Pagesintroduced it was learned that many earthquakes are the result of sea floor spreading, but most are caused by volcanic eruptions and plate tectonics. The plate tectonic theory explains that the earth is made up of 20 different plates that are always moving slowly past each other. This action pulls and compacts the plates, creating intense forces that cause the plates to break. This, in turn, causes earthquakes. The energy released then travels along fault lines in seismic waves (World Book Encyclopedia)Read MoreEarth Is The Planet Of Earth1586 Words   |  7 Pageswith surface soils and sediments. In most areas it is about 20-55 miles thick, and is held together by tectonic plates. These plates span across the entire planet , and interact with each other forming geographical features like oceans, mountains, trenches and volcanoes. Before the dawn of mankind it is commonly accepted that entire planet encompassed one giant continent known scientifically as Pangea, but over time, earth’s tectonic plates retracted causing the modern day seven continents. AlfredRead MoreVolcanic and Seismic Events as Proof of Plate Tectonic Theory2670 Words   |  11 Pagesevidence towards proving that plate tectonics theory is valid. A seismic event is the transient motion and release of kinetic energy caused by sudden failure of the earths crust, usually felt as shaking or tremors in the rock mass. Seismic events range in size from barely perceptible tremors to major earthquakes. Volcanic events occur when there is a release of magma, gas and ash from the Earth’s crust. The entire outer surface of the planet is divided into these plate formations with approximatelyRead MoreUsing Paleomagnetic Data For The World s Landmasses Of The Late Triassic Early Jurassic1389 Words   |  6 PagesJurassic. This concept of a supercontinent was originally proposed by Alfred Wegener (Wegener, 1915). He suggested that all continents assembled into a single supercontinent, approximately 300 million years ago, and then according to the theory of plate tectonics, began to break apart 175 million years ago (Rogers et al., 2004) Immense geologic and geophysical evidence have been presented, by Wegener and others, to support this theory for the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic. However when analyzing the paleomagneticRead MoreThe Deaths of People in the Kobe Earthquake Essay1212 Words   |  5 PagesDeaths of People in the Kobe Earthquake As a class we have been asked to investigate Why did so many people die in the Kobe earthquake? In this project I will be covering: 1.Where, when and why the earthquake happened and which plates were involved. 2.What the primary and secondary effects were. 3.How well prepared the Japanese people were for the earthquake. 4.How well people coped with the disaster. 5.How the Japanese authorities put things right

The Media And Gun Violence - 894 Words

Media and Gun violence A current most spoken issue among the public media is gun violence or mass shooting however the crime is not as many as it was twenty years ago. The term mass shooting does not have an official set of definition yet, but the term indicates crime which is killing as many people as possible in a short time frame. The Federal Bureau of Investigation defines it as â€Å"actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a populated area† (Sam Brock, Rachel Witte, and Joe Rojas). A mass shooting can begin due to several reasons: it could be background history, media, despair, or something else. Nico Lang, the author of America’s White Masculinity Complex and The Myth of The â€Å"Senseless† Mass Shooting says, mass shooting can also be related to mental â€Å"functions like the specter of ‘mental illness.’† A number of mass shooters have serious, often undiagnosed mental problems. Are the mass media addressing the ba sic issue clearly? Of course, the media address the issue more than the violence expects to be addressed, but it is not overt enough. †¦.. By examining a variety of news media coverage on the subject of mass shooting, this essay concludes that when choosing stories to cover, the news media must take the general audience into consideration. Ultimately, what is at stake here is the media exaggerate the crime and report it disproportionally, and the distortion of reality can have variety of effects on the viewer or the general audience. The more theShow MoreRelatedGun Violence And Social Media1510 Words   |  7 Pages Gun Violence and Social Media: Rise and Fall Max Barrett ECPI University The Rise and Fall of Gun Violence in the United States I live in and around Richmond Virginia, A place some would consider the northern tip of the bible belt, and a place that is mostly pro-gun. With the recent spate of shootings, mass or otherwise, it is widely believed that the number of deaths caused by the incidence of gun violence in the U.S. has exponentially risen. While gun violence, or the incidence thereofRead MoreHuffprumps Declination Of Gun Violence In The Media887 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the day on October 9, 2017, The New York Times website covered a variety of stories, featuring numerous articles concerning the Las Vegas tragedy and gun violence in the United States, as well as pieces highlighting President Trump’s declination of the Iran Nuclear Agreement and cutback of employer birth control coverage. The outlet also published stories regarding Harvey Weinstein’s sexual harassment allegations and Steve Mnuchin’s $800,000 travel expenses. Across that Friday, the digitally-initiatedRead MoreC riminal Justice Department Of The Country1377 Words   |  6 PagesThe media plays a significant role in the functioning of society; it forms the primary source of information regarding the matters in the wider community. It is apparent that most people depend on the media coverage of news and gaining opinions towards critical matters concerning the society. Particularly, the issue of gun violence and control has raised controversial debates between the media and law enforcers with different opinions arising from each party. This paper seeks to reflect on gun violenceRead MoreThe Debate Over Gun Laws1672 Words   |  7 Pagesthe legal right to own a weapon that could end your life? Gun control in America has been a long fought out debate. Republicans typically believe that it should be entirely legal for Americans to own guns because it is their right from the Constitution and they need it to defend themselves. Democrats typically believe that guns should not be legal because they are dangerous weapons and they can be abused by violent people. The debate over gun laws has continued to divide American because of the manyRead MoreEssay about Guns and Violence610 Words   |  3 Pagesrecent years the availability and number of guns in the United States has increased. With the media tracking and recording violence, some Americans have begun to question the 2nd amendment’s relevance. With the spree of school and adolescent shootings over recent years there has been an outcry for the prohibition of gun ownership. However, will banning guns stop the rising violence in American culture? It is my belief that we cannot ban guns to solve the violence in our country. In Michael Moore’s filmRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Violence1618 Words   |  7 PagesAs we all know gun violence has become an increasingly conflicted issue in the world and specifically in the United States. Gun violence is the leading cause of premature death in the United States as it kills almost 30,000 people and causes about 60,000 injuries annually. But guns are not the main cause of this problem. The problem is Americas culture of violence. We need to understand that guns are not what’s killing people, people are what’s killing people. Although guns may enable killers toRead MoreCrime Prevention906 Words   |  4 Pagespast thirty years, gun-affiliated injuries and deaths have increased among youth. Most of the youth involved in accidental shootings and suicides most often acquire the gun from their own home. Hands Without Guns (HWG) was started in 1995 by the Educational Fund to End Handgun Violence, to tackle this growing problem. The mission of Hands Without Guns is to advocate a public health and education campaign to transform attitudes of 12 to 18 year old youth about violence and gun ownership by emphasizingRead MoreEssay On Teenage Gun Violence1314 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Teenage gun violence is on the rise. Gun violence has become a major problem for America. We have more privately owned guns than any other country. This could be one of the reasons that guns are being used by teens, because of the access they have to guns. The availability of guns to our youth is making the world unsafe. Although lawmakers are working on gun control laws, I wonder is the problem too far gone. Social Welfare Issue: Teenage Gun Violence Teenage gun violence is caused by individualsRead MoreThe Issue Of Teenage Gun Violence1320 Words   |  6 Pages 1 Teenage Gun Violence Nicole Minor Union University . Abstract Teenage gun violence is on the rise. Gun violence has become a major problem for America. We have more privately owned guns than any other country. This could be one of the reasons that guns are being used by teens, because of the access they have to guns. The availability of guns to our youth is making the world unsafe. Although lawmakers are working on gun control laws, I wonder is theRead More Youth Violence Essay1223 Words   |  5 Pages Youth Violence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Youth violence is an escalating problem in American society today. There are many different factors that can be blamed for this problem. During the last decade of the twentieth century people began searching for answers to this dilemma which is haunting America. Many tragic school shootings have taken place within the last decade that have gained the attention of the public. As of now, no one can give the right answer to the problem or the reason that it happens because there

Comparison of How Gillian Clarke in ‘Lament’ and Boey Kim...

Gillian Clarke and Boey Kim Cheng are both internationally recognized poets whom are most famous for their poems regarding environmental problems. Clarke’s ‘Lament’ focuses on the social and environmental problems occurring as a result of the Gulf War, whereas Cheng’s poem ‘Report to Wordsworth’ discusses environmental issues involving sea life. In ‘Lament’ Clarke uses a clear structure - every sentence begins with ‘for’ which combines with the title to form ‘Lament for [†¦]’ To lament can be an expression of sadness. In this day and age, people express grief and sadness all the time. Often by using the words ‘sorrow’ or ‘grieving’. As these words are used daily, we could say they are stripped from the depth of their meanings . By using†¦show more content†¦In this metaphor, silk represents the satiny, almost shiny look the oil has on the bird - the cormorant almost appears to be wearing silk. As the oil will most likely kill the bird, the last thing he will ‘wear’ is the oil that covers him. This also is a personification of the cormorant. The personification links in to the difference between humans and animals - when humans die funerals are held but when birds die mankind does little to nothing. By personifying the cormorant Clarke calls out to the readers to treat birds with more respect and care. A juxtaposition is also used in the extract ‘the cormorant in his funeral silk’. The word funeral and its connotations are very gloomy ideas, however silk is often thought of as a light, soft material which creates two opposites. The use of juxtapositions and oxymorons stirs the emotions of the reader as words that often have a positive meaning or connotation such as silk, are suddenly linked to negative expressions and ideas such as death. In ‘Report to Wordsworth’ Cheng also makes use of strong imagery. He mainly uses mythological Gods to stress the importance of what people are doing to nature. ‘All hopes of Proteus rising from the sea have sunk; he is entombed in the waste we dump’ is a good example of this use of language. Proteus is a Greek mythological sea-god who can change shape and who is, according to Cheng, entombed in our

How Bp Failed at Crisis Communication Free Essays

string(28) " a lot of things correctly\." How BP failed at crisis communication British Petroleum (BP) suffered a large-scale public relations and crisis communication disaster, when an oil-drilling rig accident on 20th April 2010 incurred a spillage of several million gallons of crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico. This catastrophic spill has been regarded as one of the most severe environmental damages recorded in the U. S. We will write a custom essay sample on How Bp Failed at Crisis Communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now history, causing public animosity and frustration, substantially because of inappropriate BP? s crisis communication plan (Tangley, 2010). The oil spill contaminated local environment and coastline of U. S. states Louisiana and Mississippi. Consequences were severe as the spill crippled heretofore developed Gulf Coast fishing industry for a couple of years. On international scene, it has led to a continued discussion on the safety measures of offshore drilling (Tangley, 2010). On the top of that, BP has been forced to continuously invest into improving of their image in media and on social networking sites, trying to eliminate as much negative PR campaign as they possibly could (McClam, Weber, 2010). BP reacted promptly in their statements, however, without emphasizing the compassion for those who were harmed and by appearing to be insufficiently determined to clean up the environmental disaster. The company should not have been over-optimistic about the scale of the oil spill. On the other hand, BP should have stepped up their social networking communication and assessment of the right spokesperson to a unique situation. Although that crisis scenario is a unique event that is hard to predict, it is definitely not unexpected, considering what business BP operates in. By the year of 2015, 83 percent of companies will face a crisis that will negatively impact their share price by 20 to 30 percent, according to Oxford-Metrica study. This is more likely to happen to oil producing companies, as they are considered to be operating in a one of the most dangerous industries. Facing such a deep company crisis is not only about ways of how to minimize negative exposure in the press; however, it is also about reducing the environmental damage in the first place. Company has to confront the situation without any futile delays and send a clear message to the public in its determination to manage the situation as best as possible. Definitely not by holding out on facts and baffle general public, as BP did (Oxford Metrica, 2011). For example, the officers from BP said that the explosion of Deepwater Horizon drilling at Macondo oil field caused an oil spill of about 2. 7 million barrels. In contrary, the US government’s estimate of 4. 9 million barrels spilt into the sea almost doubles BP? s assumption (Oxford Metrica, 2011). There were several companies involved in the Deepwater Horizon accident. The oil rig was not owned by BP, but a contracting company Transocean. The Macondo oil well was owned partially by BP (65%), Anadarko Petroleum (25%) and Mitsui (10%). The defect of a blowout preventer was supplied by Cameron International (Oxford Metrica, 2011). â€Å"Finally, just before the accident, Halliburton fitted the cement cap intended to seal the well. The number of players involved has given rise to shifting of blame† says the Oxford Metrica study. BP used this opportunity and tried to avoid the spotlight by accusing their contractors and suppliers of being responsible for a Deepwater Horizon accident. George Santayana, a Spanish philosopher, said â€Å"Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it. † BP? s failure is a perfect example of this dateless quote. As the Exxon Valdez accident badly spoiled the view of general public on oil industry and this case has shown serious under reactions of both Exxon and American government, BP should have devised a risk mitigation plan with various safety features, assuring that similar ecological disaster of these proportions will not happen again. Instead, the company has exchanged a following of a strict safety precautions and minimizing overall safety risk for being a risk-seeking company that is pushing to minimize costs and maximize profit. This accident has proven that the industry has lost a focus on prevention and their control mechanisms could not keep up with the newly acquired technologies in offshore exploration and production. Additionally, the company deliberately overlooked all warning signs that have been present. This game was not worth it, as BP has taken a significant financial hit. Their stock price fell by more than 40% in one week after Deepwater Horizon explosion as it proves Figure 1 which compares a percentage change of stock prices of BP, Transocean, Cameron International and Halliburton early before and after the explosion of Deepwater Horizon. The peak loss of 46% in June 25 resulted into a $95 billion loss in market value capitalization of British Petroleum. Additionally, BP was forced to reserve $39. 9 billion in order to eliminate he consequences of oil spill; also pay $20 billion as a compensation for people directly affected by the spillage; $10. 8 billion as an expense for companies that capped and sealed the oil well and consequent cleaning operations and next $9. 1 billion on additional fees, penalties and fines (Oxford Metrica, 2011). This giving a total of $79. 8 billion entailed a significant decrease in net income for consequent 5 years to come. Figure 1: Comparison of stock prices of companies involved in Deepwater Horizon explosion [pic] Source: Oxford Metrica, 2011. By going back to the PR campaign that has been launched straight after the oil spill, BP has done a very good job when they covered most of the negative publicity. BP? s webpage informed the general public about the will and devotion of the company and how hard they are trying to minimize the environmental damage or help the people affected; while not mentioning a word about the fact that BP takes responsibility for the disaster. Their Facebook account informed the subscribers how the company focuses on using the latest technology available in order to stop the spreading of oil spill. To this moment, BP got a lot of things correctly. You read "How Bp Failed at Crisis Communication" in category "Essay examples" Nevertheless, it is not an immediate action which caused the negative exposure on media throughout the world. Tony Hayward, the CEO of BP, was actively engaged in the PR campaign, was ready to provide interviews to media and was willing to pay all the penalties and fines to the US government. However, Oxford Metrica review claims that â€Å"a string of clumsy comments and cultural misunderstandings, combined with a seeming inability to cap the well, dominated the media and, understandably, fear and anger took hold† (Oxford Metrica, 2011). Despite the fact that BP is a huge global organization, we can observe that both of their public relations staff and higher management structures clearly did not handle the Deepwater Horizon disaster appropriately, at least from a public relations and goodwill point of view. Taken a closer look at what makes a global company with size of BP at least neutral in terms of a general audience perception, using common sense would inevitably lead unbiased observer to identify several key parts. Being as honest to public as possible, quick reaction time, correct usage of social networks and media exposure of the right representatives would most ikely be among them. However, BP undergoing their biggest crisis, not only from the technical point of view and the actual damage inflicted on the environment, but mostly image-wise, failed significantly at reacting accordingly; given the fact that the BP case is publicly known as being the biggest PR failure of the recent history. As mentioned before , being sincere about the huge environment tragedy, that was caused by a company, even if indirectly, is something what public audience would certainly expect. It is obviously a bad idea to try to make it appear less serious than the situation is in reality, especially when media around the world are posting photos and airing images of an oil rig in flames and spilling thousands of gallons of oil into its surroundings. Mr. Thoma J. Roach, journalist from the magazine Rock Products has made a very good point on this matter, noting that BP`s CEO Tony Hayward reportedly said that the Gulf of Mexico is a big ocean and compared the amount of oil pouring into it as tiny and insignificant. However, Roach claimed that such a statement is dismissive and that it pictures environmentalists and all the people in those industries devastated by the disaster as crybabies. Moreover, instead of placating them, it challenged them to come back strengthened with better evidence, more arguments and intensity. He also concluded that such a public relations strategy is only baiting the enemies (Roach, 2010). In simplicity, if Hayward would say something more sincere and actually true, BP could have looked better and avoided more negative publicity not only for the disaster itself, but also for their way of handling it. Even though delivering the information is the most important part of the whole public relations process, one may argue that delivering it too late or in a bad form is as much important. Frederick E. Allen, former CEO of Jacobs Suchard, has made a good point on this matter using the BP? s public relations blunders as an example, mentioning that he would expect hundreds of press release updates from BP Global on Facebook, however during the tough times, BP`s PR section has issued only about hundred of them. On top of that, only few of them had something to do with the spill and its aftermath (Allen, 2012). To improve this part of the strategy, BP clearly needed to utilize all of their resources, including their own web page, to its fullest potential and in appropriate time. What BP shown during their crisis and also afterwards, was clearly a lack of competent people responsible for writing short memos and messages on one of their main communication channels – their website. On the other hand, even when the PR department is doing a tremendous job on social networks, it does not necessarily mean that it will have actual impact. This is caused by the way how social networks are used by the audience. Basically, company needs a massive amount of followers on given social network prior to the actual case, so they can immediately use it to reach their target audience with tweets or updates. So despite BP had a capable social network manager who succeeded in posting a lot of material, they did not really matter too much as BP lacked followers, as their staff weren’t active on this matter before it became a really needed tool in times of crisis (Allen, 2012). As mentioned earlier, significant blunder of the company in PR area was a wrong choice of a spokesperson. A lot of critique went on Mr. Hayward`s head. Thomas Roach has described BP`s CEO as blunt-speaking, hard-edged and criticized BP for using him also as a  chief spokersperson for the company, mentioning that American industry already learned a  lesson from Japanese competitors in the 1980s, specifically, that the person who is the best engineer does not necessarily make the best manager. Tony Hayward was thus a  bad hire for BP, as he was not a  outstanding leader with appropriate communication skills (Roach, 2010). Maybe BP wanted to look like they stood behind their CEO, thus even after his publicly known and very unfortunate quotes, they did not want to take him down and replace him by someone with better set of communication skills. However, Mr. Hayward has most likely done more damage with his inappropriate appearances than it helped BP to look like they are maintaining their integrity. Despite the immediate PR reaction after April 2010, the company seemed to be unable to appreciate the cultural context, since BP did not speak the language which the American public wanted to hear. BP did not appreciate the political context as well and at that time, they heavily damaged the lingering relationship with US government as exclusive emitter of oil-drilling permits for locations rich on oil. To conclude the case, it can be claimed that BP has run their technical operations during the crisis bad, but their immediate PR reaction was even worse. Moreover, BP? s public relations department was over-optimistic and endlessly reassured the general public by optimistic assessments that the amount of spillage is â€Å"relatively tiny† and the situation will be dealt with soon (Roach, 2010). Additionally, the company should have been more compassionate to the victims of the oil rig explosion and to those who were harmed by the latter oil spill. However, this case can be seen as a valuable lesson for not only petrochemical industry, but the whole multinational companies segment of the businesses around the world. Lessons that BP did not learn from the Exxon Valdez case years ago will hopefully be learned by other companies from BP`s case. On the other hand, this environmental disaster has happened during the Information era, when everything is immediately spread worldwide and when one has to respond to the audience as quickly as humanly possible. Thus, it cannot be isolated in a time period of a year 2010, but it must be viewed as a continuous process. Even after all cleaning work will be done, there still will be a future aspect of the case, as general public will keep demanding a preemptive measures by BP. This will create another playfield where BP can work on their public relations and slowly present itself as they have learned their lessons and from now on, BP will become a whole new company with a new approach to safety and crisis management. This actually seems to be the case, as articles in 2011 and further does not generally mention BP in such a bad light as they were doing previously, which can be accounted to applying new PR strategies. Specifically, we can see a good presentation of BP in a NY Times article from the middle of 2011 written by Julia Werdigier, author of more than a thousand articles for NY Times. In the article, BP is given a credit for announcing the new, safer, deep-water drilling standards of BP together with a more general safety measures (Werdigier, 2011). With articles like this, BP is starting to turn their image around. But in the end, only time will reveal if the PR department of one of the biggest multinational companies will learn their lesson. References Allen, F. (2012). The Gulf Spill: BP Still Doesn’t Get It. Retrieved October 22, 2012, from http://www. forbes. com/sites/frederickallen/2012/04/20/the-gulf-spill-bp-still-doesnt-get-it/ McClam, E. , Weber H. R. (2010). BP’s failures made worse by PR mistakes. Retreived October 30, 2012 from website http://www. msnbc. msn. com/id/37647218/ns/business-world_business/t/bps-failures-made-worse-pr-mistakes/ Oxford Metrica. (2011). Reputation Review 2011 [Report]. Retrieved from October 30, 2012, from website: http://www. oxfordmetrica. om/public/CMS/Files/825/Aon_Oxford% 20Metrica%20Reputation%20Review_2011. pdf Roach, T. (2010). BP’s PR Lessons. Retrieved October 22, 2012, from http://www. rockproducts. com/index. php/key-issues/community-relations/9719-bps-pr-lessons. html Tangley, L. (2010). Bird Habibats Threatened by Oil Spill. Retrieved October 26, 2012, from website: http://www. nwf. org/News-and Magazines/NationalWildlife/Birds/ Archives/2010/Oil- Spill-Birds. aspx Werdigier, J. (2011). BP to Tighten Deep-Sea Drilling Practices as It Tries to Rebound. Retrieved October 23 from LexisNexis Academic database. How to cite How Bp Failed at Crisis Communication, Essay examples

Rust In Peace(1990) by Megadeth free essay sample

Oh, boy. This is gonna hurt. Rust In Peace was Megadeths fourth studio album and has been noted as one of the best evers in metal history. I can maybe see why, but I would completly disagree with that statement. There are only a handful of songs I personally like. 1, Holy WarsThe Punishment Due, I first heard this song while playing, suprise, Guitar Hero. As one of the three final boss songs and Megadeth songs in the game Warriors of Rock, this is easily my second favorite song in the entire album. Amazing solo, and of the final boss tracks, this is the easist of them. 2, Hanger 18, this one is ok to say the list. Honestly, just a bit too many solos and instrumentation. It is good though. For thrash metal, this is way too melodic, not like that sounds familar. Yep, its a Metallica clone. I like Metallica and Megadeth but they are usually completly different bands sound wise. We will write a custom essay sample on Rust In Peace(1990) by Megadeth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Then again, its only a minor complaint. Towards the end however, it goes back to Thrash metal style music. 3, Take No Prisoners, the fastest and heaviest of them all. This easily my favorite of the bunch. The entire song, while short, is super short, straight to the point, yet very complex because of its unison drums and strings. The bass is finally audable for me and deviates alot. This is my 3rd favorite Megadeth song currently. 4, Five Magics, retarded name, for its spot, and retarded intro. This is a slow and heavy track, I guess. Not like Megadeth at all and I dont really like it. Plus, remember in Hanger 18 where I said this has to many instrumental sections. Well this is a good example because half of the song is slow and clunky and we speed up to random nonsense to just go back to slow and clunky. We finally get to the chorus at the end of the of the track, thank god! Im tired of this song. 5, Poison Was The Cure, then we have those songs that have a minute intro and the verses and the choruses are 2 seconds. This starts out very slow with a bass riff that easily gets repedative. We then blast through the rest of the song. The vocal point for me is Dave Mustang and he makes this song at least somewhat listenable for me. 6, Lucretia, this must be a song about an evil which! No seriously it is. It is way too melodic for me and for Megadeth even. The song begins with a witch cackle, must be from Hansel and Gretal, and goes into the most retarded guitar riff Ive heard. The song is, well, not good. The solo is ok and the topic is probably way over done with Shock Rock. 7, Tornado of Souls, I know what your thinking, I must like this song, right? Well, yes actually. I only like the ones everyone knows it seems. I used to hate this one though. Now Im safe in the eye of the tornado. Cool solo and Daves vocals actually work for something that, while thrashy, is a bit melodic and technical sounding. Ah, yes, and the chorus is easily the best part here. 8, Dawn Patrol, Too slow. Too clunky. No good. 9, Rust In PeacePolaris, starting with a Sepultura sounding drum style, especially in Territory, this is not bad. It isnt as good as Tornado of Souls, it has some good solos and a memerable chorus. Well, what can I say. Maybe the album isnt as bad as I thought originally. But that doesnt it still sucks. I would recommend this album due to its standings in the metal community. But its not for me, different strokes for different folks I guess. Rating 4.5/10

The Population In Brazil Consists Of 144 Million People. Brazil Is One

The population in Brazil consists of 144 million people. Brazil is one of the fastest-growing nations in the Western Hemisphere. Its population is increasing at the rate of about 2 % a year. The constitution of Brazil gives the president tremendous powers. For example, the president may intervene in affairs of Brazil's states. The chief executive may even create new states from existing ones. Brazil has three main ethnic groups-whites, blacks, and people of mixed ancestry. Most of the whites are from Europe. According to the Brazilian government whites make up about 60% of the nation's population, and people of mixed races form about 30%. However, the government of Brazil counts many lightskinned people of mixed ancestry as white. Brazil's ethnic groups generally get along well with one another. Racial discrimination in Brazil if far less widespread than that in many other countries with people of several races. But Brazilians of European descent have had better educational opportunities. As a result, they hold most of the higher jobs in government and industry. Many of the non-Europeans, particularly blacks, have excelled in the arts, entertainment and sports. Brazil's prison system system is in crisis. Four years ago, in its 1990 urban violence report Amnesty International described the prisons as being at breaking point, holding double their official capacity in inhuman conditions. Four years later the situation has not improved. In some respects, it has deteriorated. Overcrowding, lack of medical and legal assistance, torture and ill-treatment of inmates and harassment of visitors are endemic. A frightening and rising proportion of prisoners carry the HIV virus. In the Women's Prison of Soo Paulom, around 33% of the inmates are infected with the virus, while in the male prison the figure reaches 27% of the prison population. A study published in 1994 shows that the majority of prisoners are yourn, poor, and black. agroup of inmates in the Desembargador Vidal Pessoa Central Prison of Manaus, Amazonas held a peaceful protest against conditions in es called in military police shock-troops. They reportedly beat the inmates, who had taken refuge in their cells, with batons, as well as hitting and kicking them. Subsequently they locked the inmates in their cells and threw tear gas grenades in after them. For prisoners to complain to officials about their treatment takes enormous courage. In Recife, Pernambuco state, on 11 May 1993, prisoners told a visiting delegation in the Barreto Campelo Prison of the brutality they faced. The prisoners reported incidents of torture and named the alleged torturers, even though they were in the same room. The inmates expressed their fears of reprisals from the prison staff. Some of them told the delegates that the director of the prison had threatened them with severe punishment if they dared to speak out. The torture they described included beatings, near drowning, death threats and electric shocks. In his report on the visit to Recife, one of the delegates, the President of the National Council for Penal and Prison Policy, noted that despite persistent reports in the local press about ill-treatment in prisons in Pernambuco, the Judge of Penal Sentences and the Secretary of Justice for Pernambuco claimed to have no official knowledge of the prisoners' complaints. He asked the state authorities to investigate the prisoners' allegations, but no information has emerged about any investigation. Two incidents involving prisoners with AIDS were reported in S?o Paulo in 1994. On 27 March, a woman prisoner who was in the final stages of AIDS in the Central Hospital of the Penitentiary System, was reportedly beaten by a prison warden. The woman, named Leci Nazareth da Silva, who was in great pain, was calling for the assistance of a nurse when, just after midnight, a warden came to her cell, shouted at her to shut up, and hit her in the face. According to the testimonies of other women inmates, after the incident Leci Nazareth da Silva's mouth and lips were swollen and she was bleeding. The warden reportedly threatened the other inmates with reprisals if they dared to report the incident. On 31 March 1994, Jose['] Roberto dos Santos, also an AIDS sufferer, was severely beaten in the Casa de Detenc[,]?o, in S?o Paulo. According to his written testimony, he was verbally insulted and physically abused by a

Baker v. Carr essays

Baker v. Carr essays Except for, arguably, Brown v. Board of Education, Baker v. Carr (1962) ...was one of the U.S. Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren's most important decisions. (http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=B005). The landmark ruling put into effect what has become known to be the one man, one vote standard. The case originated out of the state of Tennessee. The state had reapportioned its legislative districts in 1901, but the state legislature did not reapportion those legislative districts for the next 60 years. In most states during that elapse of time, the rural areas of the country lost population to the cities as a more agrarian way of life in the country gave way to industry, and more people moved from farms into the cities due to the economic pressures of trying to make better money. As a result, urban areas such as Memphis, Nashville, Knoxville, and Chattanooga grew in size while rural counties such as Smith, Chester, and other rural counties in Tennessee did not see nearly the same level of growth. The result of that 60 years in which Tennessee did not reapportion its legislative districts was that the weight of a vote of a person living in a rural area carried more weight than the vote of a person living in an urban area. State Representatives and state Senators in urban areas, for example, represented more people than did state Representatives and state Senators in rural areas. The population ratio between urban and rural districts was 19:1, yet their representation in the legislature was the same. (http://writ.news.findlaw.com/lazarus/20051209.html). Also, Justice Douglas, concurring, wrote, We are told that a single vote in Moore County, Tennessee, is worth 19 votes in Hamilton County... (Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186; 82 S. Ct. 691; 7 L. Ed. 2d 663 (1962). Five urban areas decided to file suit, arguing that the lack of reapport...

Best Swedish Schools to study interior design

Best Swedish Schools to study interior design Studying Interior Design in Sweden Interior design is one of the modern streams within the educational specialization variety. People are interested in living in beautiful and extraordinary apartments. More and more of young people try to fulfill their potential and creativity in developing interior design. Modern materials and settings enable designers to arrange unique and superb design, saturated with varieties of colors and forms, making the house or office a comfortable and aesthetic place for living, working or entertainment. To be an interior designer is not simply to furnish the room and allocate decorative components within the living or working space. To become mature in this sphere, one should have profound skills in drawing, color perception, taste, know interior design styles and be able to embody all this stuff in the practice. Today interior designer can hardly work without knowing corresponding computer programs for creating drafts and sketches for their customers. So as you see, studying to acquire designer degree is rather labor-consuming activity, which requires great effort. Besides your efforts, it is important to select a nice school, which can become your guide into the world of design and provide necessary qualification for your future carrier. In regard to interior design a lot of people trust their training to Swedish schools and universities. Great amount of educational institutions in Sweden with brilliant reputation can become the access for your professional carrier as a designer. Umeà ¥ Institute of Design This university provides training of the specialists in the direction of industrial design and offers five academic programs for its students. To acquire a Bachelor degree at this university one needs to pass the three-year training program. The great advantage is that education in this university is free. The education is provided only in Swedish, which can be considered as a drawback. The university also offers three international programs for obtaining Master degree. Konstfack University College of Arts, Crafts and Design This institution is one of the biggest Swedish schools, which provides training in design, arts and crafts. Almost 900 students come at the university each year to receive Bachelor and Master degrees. This school has great educational and research facilities, numerous workshops, which enable students to develop their practical skills in painting, weaving, ceramics and sculpture. HDK School of Design and Crafts HDK School of Design and Crafts provides great opportunities of training. You can undertake a short or a long term course in the school, according to your needs and circumstances. The school arranges exhibitions all the time, where students can participate. And that is a great opportunity to present your works for the potential customers and to receive first experience while studying. They offer a PhD program in design and arts. All information about start time of the courses and time when you can enroll for them is available at their website. KKH Royal Institute of Art This school has a great number of Swedish students, but it also welcomes the students from other countries. Due to well-equipped workshops, they welcome also the students with disabilities. The institute offers one-year guest program in fine arts, three-year Bachelor program, two-year Master program and PhD program for their student. This school also offers such courses as Restoration Art, Architecture Art and Architecture. The institute directs their students to development of practical skills along with the research work, which is motivated by well-arranged educational facilities. Apparently, Swedish design schools represent a great training opportunity for those, who do not want just to admire beautiful things and pieces of art, but for those, who want to create them. If you want to make your mark within the interior design sphere, do your best to take care of the appropriate education, which will spread your wings of creativity and success.

Art history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Art history - Essay Example The subject that is Madonna and child in Granacci’s painting are more real than that of Andrea. The first element that makes the painting real is the proportion of human physical features. The child in Granacci’s painting is short and stubby just like a child should be. The distance between his eyes and the nose seem more proportionate to the human size than in Andrea’s version of the child. In the second painting, the child’s leg does not resemble that of a child, it looks like an adult leg with the proportion of that of a child. The child’s stubby physique is not present in the legs and hands. The child’s eye has more color and depth in Granacci’s painting making the painting look more real. The mother in this painting also looks more real. Her physical features such as hands and the nose look more proportionate to that of a real person. In Andrà ©a’s painting, the mother’s hands are short and the artist created shadows on her

Donatello Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Donatello - Essay Example Biography: Donatello Italy is world renowned for Renaissance art and Donatello (Florence) is one of the best examples of the same. Besides, his birth was in the year 1386. After formal education, Donatello decided to be a goldsmith and underwent training. Besides, the training at the studio of Lorenzo Ghiberti helped him to realize that his field is art, not the work of a goldsmith. But he did not neglect the work as a goldsmith because it helped him to keep himself away from poverty. His deep interest in Roman architecture, especially the works by Filippo Brunelleschi, gradually attracted him towards sculpture. One can easily identify that both the artists (Donatello and Filippo Brunelleschi) revolutionized the field of sculpture and architecture in the 15th century. Donatello’s relationship with Lorenzo Ghiberti was so helpful to develop his interest in sculpture. For instance, Donatello worked as Lorenzo Ghiberti’s assistant at Florence Baptistery. Kleiner stated tha t â€Å"Donatello was also a pioneer in relief sculpture, the first to incorporate the principles of linear and atmospheric perspective, devices also employed brilliantly by Lorenzo Ghiberti in his Gates of Paradise for the Florence baptistery† (577). Lorenzo Ghiberti’s guidance helped Donatello to be free from the influence of Gothic Mannerism and to develop his own style in sculpture. Gradually, Donatello began to undertake independent works. For instance, Donatello work, bronze David proves his creativity in sculpture. Besides, this work helped Donatello to be famous in the field of sculpture, especially Renaissance sculpture. In the year 1450, Donatello completed another work in Padua, which is known as Gattamelata. This work is in the form of a statue, which deeply influenced the artists in Europe. Later in the year 1453, Donatello returned to his birthplace and began to undertake other works. His later works include St. John the Baptist and Martyrdom of St. Lawre nce. Donatello passed away in the year 1466. His body was buried in a large church in Florence, namely Basilica of San Lorenzo. Britannica Educational Publishing stated that â€Å"A good deal is known about Donatello’s life and career, but little is known about his character and personality, and what is known is not wholly reliable† (31). To be specific, Donatello’s deep interest and passion towards sculpture helped him to be one of the pioneers of early Renaissance in Italian sculpture. Ghiberti’s training helped Donatello to learn the basics of sculpture but he developed his own style in sculpture. For instance, Donatello developed his own style in sculpture, namely relief sculpture. His passion towards sculpture forced him to be in Rome and other places like Siena and Padua. This helped him to lead more about the scope of sculpture in Europe. Besides, Donatello was able to keep himself free from the influence of Gothic style of Mannerism. Within the co ntext of early Renaissance in Italian sculpture, Donatello’s name is most memorable because his sculptures represent the Renaissance spirit of the age. Analysis 1: Equestrian statue of Gattamelata The Equestrian statue of Gattamelata (see appendix-1) is a statue in Bronze by Donatello, which was commissioned in the year 1453. This sculpture, which acts the role of a landmark, is situated in Padua. This sculpture is interconnected with the history of Padua, especially the life history of condottiero Erasmo

Oxalate Complexes of Iron

Oxalate Complexes of Iron In coordination chemistry there are different types of ligands. Monodentate ligands donate only one lone pair to the metal ion. Bidentate ligands donate two pairs of electrons such as the oxalate ligands which can bind at two sites with the metal ion, thus a coordination number of three ligands around one metal ion. Oxalate has four oxygens with each having a lone pair but it only uses two lone pairs to form a coordination compound.There are also multidentate ligands such as the EDTA which donate more than two pairs of electrons. Oxalate is can be regarded as a chelating agent. This means that two or more bonds are being broken so that the ligand would be separated from the metal. These chelating ligands provide more stability to the complex than those with monodentate ligands.1 The potassium trioxalatoferrate (III) trihydrate and the iron (II) oxalate have a stereochemistry of an octahedral. The oxalate ion is a weak field ligand according to the spectrochemical series. The Fe2+ has 6 electron in its d orbitals while Fe3+ would have 5 electrons. The unpaired electrons of the iron (III) would have a high spin and so behave paramagnetically. Fe2+ and Fe3+ electrons can either distribute themselves either in a low spin or a high spin arrangement. An example of the arrangement which is more favoured according to Hunds rule 3d 4s 4p 3d 4s 4p Iron can accept 6 pairs of electrons because the orbitals are hybridised in a way to produce 6 orbitals of equal energy. A redox titration is a type of reaction which is based on redox equations between the analyte and the titrant. Reduction-oxidation reactions are reactions where one of the component is being oxidized such as iron (II) to iron (III) thus becoming more positively charged while the other is being reduced thus it is gaining electrons and will become less positive in its nature. Potassium permanganate has the formula of MnO4- which can be reduced to Mn2+ in reducing conditions. This is an oxidizing agent. In this experiment the iron (II) oxalate and potassium trioxalatoferrate(III) trihydrate were analysed. Then these two salts were analyzed for their iron and oxalate content and also the empirical formula of each salt was determined. Apparatus: Pasteur pipette, weighing boat, spatula, watch glass, measuring cyclinder stirring rod, Buchner funnel ,stopper, heating mantle, balance, beakers, thermometer, filter paper, ice-salt bath, flasks. Chemicals: Chemical Brand Grade Ferrous ammonium sulfate GPR Aldrich Oxalic acid dihydrate GPR N/A 2M sulphuric acid GPR BDH Acetone GPR BDH Iron(II) oxalate GPR N/A Potassium oxalate monohydrate GPR BDH Hydrogen peroxide GPR BDH Ethanol GPR BDH Potassium permanganate GPR BDH Zinc GPR Carlo Erba Method: Experiment A: Preparation of Iron(II) Oxalate 15g of ferrous ammonium sulphate were dissolved in 50cm3 of warm water which has been acidified with 2M sulphuric acid (1cm3). 75cm3 of 10% oxalic acid solution was added with rapid stirring. The mixture was heated gently to the boiling point and then the yellow precipitate of ferrous oxalate was allowed to settle. The precipitate was removed by filtration on a Buchner funnel. It was washed thoroughly with hot water and then with acetone. The product was allowed to dry on the funnel under suction and weighed. The product was used for the next section. Experiment B: Preparation of potassium trioxalatoferrate(III)Trihydrate 3.25g of ferrous oxalate was suspended in a warm solution of potassium oxalate (5g in 15cm3 water. 15cm3 of 20vol hydrogen peroxide was added from a burette whilst the solution was stirred continuously and maintained at 40OC. The solution contained the precipitate of ferric hydroxide. This was removed by heating the solution to boiling. 10cm3 of 10% oxalic acid and then a further small amount of oxalic acid was added dropwise until the precipitate just dissolved. During the addition of oxalic acid, the solution was maintained near the boiling point. The hot solution was filtered. 15cm3 of ethanol was added to the filtrate, any crystals that were formed by gentle heating were re-dissolved and put in a dark cupboard to crystallise. The crystals were collected by filtration on a Buchner funnel. These were washed with an equivolume mixture of ethanol and water and finally with acetone. This was dried,weighed and the product kept in the dark. Experiment C: The analysis of the products for iron and oxalate Iron(II) oxalate 0.3g of oxalate was dissolved in 25cm3 of 2M sulphuric acid. The solution was heated to 60OC and titrated with 0.02M standard potassium permanganate solution until the first permanent pink colour was observed. 2g of zinc dust were added to the solution and boiled for 25 minutes. It was filtered through the glass wall and the residual was washed with 2M sulphuric acid. The washings were added to the filtrate and this was titrated with a solution of standard potassium permanganate The percentages of iron, oxalate, water of crystallisation in the product and the empirical formula were determined. Potassium trioxalateoferrate(III) trihydrate 0.2g of the complex were dissolved in 25cm3 2M sulphuric acid. This was titrated with 0.02M standard potassium permanganate solution until the first permanent pink colour was observed. 2g of zinc dust were added to the solution and boiled for 25 minutes. This was filtered through a glass wool and the residual was washed with 2M sulphuric acid. The washings were added to the filtrate and this was titrated with a solution of standard potassium permanganate. The percentage of iron and oxalate in the complex was determined. These were compared to the theoretical values. Results: Experiment A: Ferrous oxalate: 7.478g Experiment B Potassium oxalate:5.058g Potassium trioxalatoferrate(III) hydrate:6.019g Ferrous oxalate:3.273g Experiment C: Iron oxalate: 0.301g Volume of potassium permanganate Initial Final Titre value Volume of potassium permanganate after adding zinc Initial Final Titre value Potassium trioxalatoferrate(III) trihydrate:0.200g Volume of potassium permanganate Initial Final Titre value Volume of potassium permanganate after adding zinc Initial Final Titre value Calculation: Iron(II) oxalate Iron(II) and oxalate is oxidized by permanganate to Iron(III) and carbon dioxide Iron(III) is reduced by zinc to Iron(II) MnO4- + 5Fe3+-+ 8H +→Mn2 + + 5Fe2+ + 4H2O Iron 0.02 moles=1000cm3 ? 17.2cm3 3.4410-4 moles 5Fe2+:1MnO4- 1.72X10-3:3.44X10-4moles 1mole=56g 1.7210-3moles=? 0.096g Oxalate 2MnO4- +5C2O42-+16H+→ 2Mn2+ + 10CO2+8H2O 52.4cm3-17.2cm3=35.2cm3 0.02moles=1000cm3 ? 35.2cm3 7.0410-4moles 2MnO-4:5C2O42- 7.04X10-4:1.76X10-3 1mole=88g 1.7610-3moles=? 0.155g Empirical formula 0.096g+0.155g=0.251g 0.301g-0.251g=0.05g 1mole=18g ? = 0.05g 2.7810-3moles 1.7210-3 moles 1.7610-3moles 2.7810-3moles 1.7210-3 moles 1.7210-3moles 1.7210-3moles 1 1.02~1 1 .6 ~ 2 FeC2O4.2H2O % of iron, oxalate and water of crystallisation in Iron(II) oxalate Theoretical Fe C2O4 2H2O 56g 88g 36g 180g 180g 18 31% 49% 20% Experimented Fe C2O4 2H2O 0.096g 0.155g 0.05g 0.301g 0.301g 0.301g 31.89% 51.5% 16.6% Potassium trioxalatoferrate(III) trihydrate Oxalate is oxidized by permanganate to carbon dioxide Iron(III) is reduced by zinc to Iron(II) Iron MnO4- + 5Fe3+-+ 8H +→Mn2 + + 5Fe2+ + 4H2O 0.02moles=1000cm3 ? 4.1cm3 8.210-5 moles 5Fe2+:1MnO4- 4.110-4moles: 8.210-5 moles 1 mole=56g 4.110-4moles =0.023g Oxalate 2MnO4- +5C2O42-+16H+→ 2Mn2+ + 10CO2+8H2O 0.02 moles=1000cm3 ? 26.4cm3 5.2810-4moles 2MnO4-:5C2O4 5.2810-4:1.3210-3 moles 1 mole=88g 1.3210-3 moles=? 0.116g K3[Fe(C2O4)3].3H2O= RMM 471 % of iron and oxalate in potassium trioxalatoferrate(III) trihydrate Theoretical K3 Fe (C2O4)3 3H2O 120 56 264 36 471 471 471 471 25.48% 11.9% 56% 7.64% Experimented Fe (C2O4)3 0.023 0.116 0.2 0.2 11.5% of iron in potassium trioxalatoferrate(III) trihydrate 58% of oxalate in potassium trioxalatoferrate(III) trihydrate Precautions: The crystals were scraped from the filter paper which could lead to inaccurate filtration. The temperature of the solution was kept above 60oC during the titration of iron oxalate against potassium permanaganate. Titration apparatus was washed accordingly; Pipette and burette were washed first with water and then with the solution. Flasks were washed with water only. It was made sure that the burette was not leaky since it would affect the final result. The product of potassium trioxalatoferate(III) trihydrate was put in a dark cupboard since it is photosensitive causing loss of product. A heating mantle was used instead of a bunsen burner because ethanol is flammable. When the ethanol was added to the filtrate in part B the solution was left to cool down since if the ethanol was added to the hot filtrate the ethanol could have evaporated. Sources of error: Glassware that was not calibrated properly could be a source of error The crystals were not dried completely and so would lead to higher weight. Loss of the product due to transferring from the balance to the flask, due to air currents and unsteady movements. The color of the end point could be misleading as different people have different sensitivity to colors. Hydrogen peroxide could decompose in light and so the oxidation of iron (II) and iron (III) would not be completed. Permanganate solution when allowed to stand in burette can undergo partial decomposition to MnO2. Difficult in seeing the measurements on the burette because of the dark violet produced by the permanganate solution Ferric ion is reddish brown which could have interfered with the observation of the faint pink titration endpoint. Discussion: Preparation of iron(II) oxalate When oxalic acid is added to the mixture of ferrous ammonium sulphate in water and acidified with 2M of sulphuric acid, ions would form in solution. [NH4]2Fe[SO4]2.6H2O + H2O Â ® 2NH4+ + 2SO42- + Fe2+ 2 When adding oxalic acid to the solution oxalate ion forms which then reacts with the iron(II) forming the iron(II) oxalic acid which is the product. This is the yellow precipitate which is removed by precipitation on a Buchner funnel. It is then washed with water and acetone to remove impurities. H2C2O4.2H2O + H2O Â ® 2H+ + [C2O4]2- 2 Fe2++ [C2O4]2- Â ® Fe[C2O4]. 2H2O 2 Preparation of Potassium Trioxalatoferrate(III) Trihydrate When potassium oxalate is added to the ferrous oxalate an orange intermediate complex would be formed. During the preparation of Potassium trioxalatoferrate (III) trihydrate the iron(II) in the iron(II) oxalate have to be oxidized to Iron(III). This is done by an oxidizing agent which in this case hydrogen peroxide is used. A brown precipitate of Iron(III) hydroxide would form 2Fe2+ + H2O2 + 2H+ → 2Fe3+ + 2H2O 3 Fe3+ + 3OH- → Fe(OH)3 3 This could be removed by excess heating. 10% oxalic acid was added and so the oxalate ion could coordinate around the iron(III) metal forming a complex of Fe(C2O4). A green solution would form in this stage. The following net equation would take place converting the iron(III) oxalate to trioxalatoferrate(III) ion. Fe2(C2O4)3 + 3 H2C2O4 + 6 H2O → 2 [Fe(C2O4)3]3- + 6 H3O+ 3 The trioxalatoferrate(III) salt is soluble in water and would not precipitate out from an aqueous solution. Ethanol which is a less polar than water is added so that the salt would precipitate out since it is less soluble in ethanol. The precipitation is added by leaving the mixture overnight so that the salt would precipitate. This is placed in the dark because light would reduce the Iron(III) to Iron(II) 3 K+ + [Fe(C2O4)3]3- → K3[Fe(C2O4)3] 3 Made by Chem.Windows Analysis of the products for iron and oxalate In the last part of the experiment the percentage of iron, oxalate and water of crystallisation was found by titration of the iron(II) oxalate with potassium permanganate which is the titrant. The volume of potassium permanganate needed to react with the known volume of analyte was found. The titration was marked when a faint pink colour appeared. This is the Mn2+ which serves as its own indicator to show when the titration is ready. In the first part the oxalate and iron(II) are both oxidized to Iron(III) and carbon dioxide. Zinc is added which acts as a reducing agent which reduces the iron(III) back to iron(II). When titrating the potassium permanganate with the potassium trioxalatoferrate(III) trihydrate salt, a faint pink colour is observed when the stoichiometric point has been reached thus titration would be completed. In the first part the oxalate only is oxidized to carbon dioxide since iron(III) is already in its oxidized form. When zinc dust is added to the Iron (III) it is reduced to its reduced form iron(II). The solution would remain colourless until all the oxalate salt is used. The solution is heated to 60OC since if the reaction takes place at room temperature it would be too slow. The oxidation of the oxalate anion which is an organic chelating agent, does not take place very easily. In the presence of a metal ion, the rate of reaction increases since the oxidation would be kinetically more favourable when forming an intermediate metal chelate. 4 In this experiment this type of intermediate had formed during the conversion of the oxalate ion to carbon dioxide by the permanganate ion. 4 The permanganate ion is reduced to a lower oxidation state by taking an electron from the oxalate and so the carbon carbon bond in the oxalate is broken forming carbon dioxide.4 Made by ChemWindows 4 From the results one could observe that the percentages of iron and oxalate in the theoretical yield which are 31% and 49% respectively are quite comparable to those percentages of the theoretical which are 31.89% and 51.5%. The theoretical percentage where brought by comparing the iron and oxalate to the RMM of the iron (II) oxalate. The theoretical % of water of crystallisation in this compound is 20% which resulted to be in close proximity to the experimented value that of 16.6%. When working the empirical formula of the oxalate iron an approximation was taken and so it was not very accurate. The ratio of 1.02 was rounded to 1 and the ratio of 1.6 was rounded to 2 for the water of crystallisation in the salt to result in the empirical formula of FeC2O4.2H2O When working the percentages of iron and oxalate in the potassium trioxalatoferrate(III) trihydrate the percentages were also very near to the theoretical value since the % of iron in the salt is 11.9% when working the theoretical and the experimented values were worked to be 11.5%. On the other hand, theoretically 56% of the trioxalatoferrate(III) trihydrate is oxalate and 58% oxalate in experimented value. Conclusion: One can conclude that the aims were reached. The preparation of these two compounds was done so that in the end the percentage of both iron oxalate in the iron(II) oxalate and the potassium trioxalatoferrate(III) trihydrate would be determined. The theoretical percentage of iron and oxalate of the theoretical were approximately very near those that were determined experimentally. The empirical formula of the iron(II)oxalate was also found to be FeC2O4.2H2O